A problem occurred while trying to use your mailbox

This error is known by Microsoft and described on this article.

Other tip that may work is to
 
1. Login to server ad administrator
2. Open 'Active Directory Users' snap-in.
2) Go to View < enable the 'Advanced Features'.
3) Go to requested user properties < open 'security' tab.
4) navigate to 'Advanced'.
5) click the 'Inherit from parent' to apply all permissions from parent.
6) click apply < OK.